One post right before I go for exam, just to relax and refresh my freaking retarded memory!
Brain
Lesion on the brain stem (right)
Discriminative sensation: touch and pressure (left) via Internal Arcuate Fibres
Non-discriminative sensation: pain and temperature (left) via Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Associative sensory loss
Lesion on the spinal cord (right)
Discriminative sensory: touch and pressure (right)
Non-discriminative sensory: pain and temperature (left)
Dissociative sensory loss
Upper Motor Neuron Lesion:
Spastic paralysis (increase reflexces, less precise voluntary movement)
Lower Motor Neuron Lesion:
Flaccid paralysis (no movement, no reflexes, wasted muscle)
Somatic Nervous System:
Disciminative sensation: touch and pressure (myelinated)
Non-discriminative sensation: pain and temperature (non-myelinated) [Anterior White Commisure]
Lower motor neurons (myelinated)
Leg (Gracile Fasciculus)
Arm (Cuneate Fasciculus)
Cerebellar Lesion:
Ataxia (unco-ordinate movement, loss of balance)
Sinoatrial node -> Atrialventricular node -> Bumdle of His -> Purkinje fibres
1st heart sound: Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
2nd heart sound: Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
Cardiac output = Stroke volume x heart rate
Stroke volume affects by preload, contractility, afterload
stroke volume decrease when preload decrease, contractility decrease (negative inothropic agents) and afterload increase
Input Cardiovascular Centre (nerve impulses)
Brain: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus
Sensory Receptor: Proprioceptors (movements), Baroreceptors (pressure), Chemoreceptors (chemical)
Output to heart: Cardiac nerve (sympathetic) increase heart rate and Vagus X nerve (parasympathetic) to decrease heart rate
Autonomic and Endocrine
Sympathetic (preganglionic neuron: acetylcholine and postganglionic neuron: norephnephrin)
Sympathetic (pre: acetylcholine and post: acetylcholine) sweat glands
Parasympathetic (pre: acetylcholine and post: acetylcholine)
Circulating hormones, Local hormones (paracrine, autocrine)
Lipid soluble hormone (receptor in nucleus) Alters gene expression, mRNA, and bla bla bla
Water soluble hormone (receptor on cell membrane) Activates G protein, CAMP as 2nd messenger, phosphorylate enzyme
Articular cartilage
surface zone, middle zone, deep zone, tide mark, calcified cartilage, cement line (Osteochondral junction), subchondral bone
Articular capsule
fibrous layer and synovial membrane
Muscle
Epimysium, muscle, perimysium, fascicle, edomysium, myocytes, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm + myofibrils
Hypertrophy, antrophy, hypoplasia
I band, Z line, A band, M line
Desmin (between myofibrils), Dystrophin (Basement membrane and sarcolemma)
Collagen fibres of mucle blend together with collagen fibres of tendon
Mucle form finger like projections to increase suface area
One post right before I go for exam, just to relax and refresh my freaking retarded memory!
Brain
Lesion on the brain stem (right)
Discriminative sensation: touch and pressure (left) via Internal Arcuate Fibres
Non-discriminative sensation: pain and temperature (left) via Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Associative sensory loss
Lesion on the spinal cord (right)
Discriminative sensory: touch and pressure (right)
Non-discriminative sensory: pain and temperature (left)
Dissociative sensory loss
Upper Motor Neuron Lesion:
Spastic paralysis (increase reflexces, less precise voluntary movement)
Lower Motor Neuron Lesion:
Flaccid paralysis (no movement, no reflexes, wasted muscle)
Somatic Nervous System:
Disciminative sensation: touch and pressure (myelinated)
Non-discriminative sensation: pain and temperature (non-myelinated) [Anterior White Commisure]
Lower motor neurons (myelinated)
Leg (Gracile Fasciculus)
Arm (Cuneate Fasciculus)
Cerebellar Lesion:
Ataxia (unco-ordinate movement, loss of balance)
Sinoatrial node -> Atrialventricular node -> Bumdle of His -> Purkinje fibres
1st heart sound: Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
2nd heart sound: Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
Cardiac output = Stroke volume x heart rate
Stroke volume affects by preload, contractility, afterload
stroke volume decrease when preload decrease, contractility decrease (negative inothropic agents) and afterload increase
Input Cardiovascular Centre (nerve impulses)
Brain: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus
Sensory Receptor: Proprioceptors (movements), Baroreceptors (pressure), Chemoreceptors (chemical)
Output to heart: Cardiac nerve (sympathetic) increase heart rate and Vagus X nerve (parasympathetic) to decrease heart rate
Autonomic and Endocrine
Sympathetic (preganglionic neuron: acetylcholine and postganglionic neuron: norephnephrin)
Sympathetic (pre: acetylcholine and post: acetylcholine) sweat glands
Parasympathetic (pre: acetylcholine and post: acetylcholine)
Circulating hormones, Local hormones (paracrine, autocrine)
Lipid soluble hormone (receptor in nucleus) Alters gene expression, mRNA, and bla bla bla
Water soluble hormone (receptor on cell membrane) Activates G protein, CAMP as 2nd messenger, phosphorylate enzyme
Articular cartilage
surface zone, middle zone, deep zone, tide mark, calcified cartilage, cement line (Osteochondral junction), subchondral bone
Articular capsule
fibrous layer and synovial membrane
Muscle
Epimysium, muscle, perimysium, fascicle, edomysium, myocytes, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm + myofibrils
Hypertrophy, antrophy, hypoplasia
I band, Z line, A band, M line
Desmin (between myofibrils), Dystrophin (Basement membrane and sarcolemma)
Collagen fibres of mucle blend together with collagen fibres of tendon
Mucle form finger like projections to increase suface area
Colleen Toh
Foodie. Uber petite. Some therapeutic cooking. Kick boxing.
Malaysia. New Zealand.
And I love chicken rice.
Currently working as a Health Educator (Diabetes) in New Zealand!
I hope the little things in life can make me happy again!
For business: zhtohcolleen@yahoo.com
Bungy jumping
Sky diving
Watch a live NBA match
Magic mushroom
Disneyland
Universal Studio Trip to UK
Trip to USA
Trip to Hawaii
Trip to Amsterdam Trip to Queenstown
Trip to Japan
Trip to Ohrid
Trip to Korea Trip to Pataya Trip to Bangkok
Trip to Redang
Trip to Bali
Trip to Gold Coast Trip to Paris
Trip to Rome
Trip to Hong Kong
Trip to Maldives Trip to Taiwan
